Python projects for beginners

Here we will learn python projects for beginners step by step. In this blog i m going to tell you Python mini projects with source code.

In this blog, i am going to solve the your following queries

• Python projects with source code free
• Python projects with source code for final year
• Python projects with source code for beginners
• Python mini projects with source code
• Python mini projects for college students
• Python projects for students

python projects with source code

1) WAP to enter Name,Age,mobile number and Address one by one.

Code-

name=input(“enter name”)

age=int(input(“enter age”))

mobile=int(input(“enter mobile number”))

add=input(“enter address”)

print(“Name=”,name)

print(“Age=”,age)

print(“Mobile Number=”,mobile)

print(“Address=”,add)

2) WAP to enter 3 numbers and find their sum and average.

Code

a=int(input(“enter number 1”))

b=int(input(“enter number 2”))

c=int(input(“enter number 3”))

sum=a+b+c

avg=sum/3

print(“Sum=”,sum)

print(“Average=”,avg)

3) WAP to solve the quadratic equation

                            ax²+bx+c

Code

import cmath

a=float(input(“enter number 1”))

b=float(input(“enter number 2”))

c=float(input(“enter number 3”))

d=(b**2)-4*a*c

sol1=-b-cmath.sqrt(d)/(2*a)

sol2=-b+cmath.sqrt(d)/(2*a)

print(‘The solution are {0} and {1}’.format(sol1,sol2))

4) WAP to perform Swaping of two number without using third variable

Code

a=10

b=20

print(“Value a before swaping a=”,a)

print(“Value a before swaping b=”,b)

a,b=b,a

print(“Value a after swaping a=”,a)

print(“Value a after swaping b=”,b)

5) WAP To create Login Application

Code

user=input(“enter user name”)

pas=int(input(“enter password”))

if user==”python” and pas==123:

    print(“Welcome to our application”)

else:

    print(“Invalid username or password”)

6) WAP to create Table generate Application

Code

n=int(input(“Enter any number”))

i=1

while i<=10:

    t=n*i

    print(t)

    i=i+1

7) WAP to Generate number, square and Cube depending on user range.

Code

st=int(input(“enter starting range”))

end=int(input(“enter ending range”))

while st<=end:

    print(“Number=”,st)

    print(“Square=”,st*st)

    print(“cube=”,st*st*st)

    st=st+1

8) WAP to Calculate Simple Interest Depending on user choice

Code-

ch=’y’

while ch==’y’:

    p=int(input(“enter principal”))

    r=int(input(“enter rate of interest”))

    t=int(input(“enter time”))

    si=p*r*t/100

    print(“Simple interest=”,si)

    ch=input(“do you want to continue(y/n)”)

 9) WAP to input 10 integer. Calculate and print the average of only positive integer among them. Negative number should not be processes and 0 should treated as end of input.

sum=0

c=0

for i in range(10):

    n=int(input(“Enter the number”))

    if n==0:

        break

    if n<0:

        continue

    sum=sum+n

    c=c+1

avg=sum/c

print(“Average of Positive Integer=”,avg)

10) WAP to input two number one as numerator and second denominator. Calculate and print result of division of numbers.Program should repeat this process for 5 pair of number. Program should terminate its repetition when user input 0 as denominator.

i=1

while i<=5:

    n=int(input(“Enter Numerator”))

    d=int(input(“Enter Denominator”))

    if d==0:

        print(“Division by zero.. Loop Terminated!!”)

        break

    r=n/d

    print(“Result=”,r)

    i=i+1

print(“Program Over!!!”)

11) Write a program to create a List of 10 numbers. While traversing the List print all its elements and count how many of them are positive, negative and zero.

p=n=z=0

num=[5,-8,2,0,6,-2,4,0,6,-1]

print(“List elements….”)

for a in num:

    print(a,” “,end=””)

    if(a>0):

        p=p+1#1+1=2

    elif a<0:

        n=n+1#1

    else:

        z=z+1#1

print(“\n\nNo.of positives=”, p)

print(“No. of negatives=”, n)

print(“No. of zeros=”, z)

12) WAP which takes list of number as input and finds

1. 1. The largest number in the list
   2. The smallest number in the list
   3. Product of all the element in the list

Code

num=[54,67,8,32,90]

min=num[0]

max=num[0]

mul=1

for i in num:

    mul=mul*i

    if i>max:

        max=i

    if i<min:

        min=i

print(“Maximum=”,max)

print(“Minimum=”,min)

print(“Product”,mul)

13) WAP to combine two dictionary adding values for common keys

code

from collections import Counter

d1={‘a’:100,’b’:200,’c’:300}

d2={‘a’:300,’b’:200,’d’:400}

d=Counter(d1)+Counter(d2)

print(d)

14) WAP that takes sentence as input from the user and computes the frequency of each letter. Use a variable of dictionary type to maintain and show the frequency of each character.

Code

str1=input(“enter any string…”)

f={}

for i in str1:

    if i in f:

        f[i]+=1

    else:

        f[i]=1

print(“Count of all characters in”,str1,”is:\n”+str(f))

scope of variable in python example

15) Write a program to create a list of 5 names. The program should ask user to input a new name and index position to update the element with new name

name=[‘Aditi’,’Bhawna’, ‘Chetna’, ‘Dipika’, ‘Enabel’]

print(“The current List is: \n”, name)

k=input(“\nEnter a new name:”)

pos=int(input(“Enter the index to replace element: “))

name[pos]=k

print(“\nThe updated List = \n”, name)

16) Write a program to create a Tuple of age of 10 persons. While traversing the Tuple print all its elements and count how many of them are Major and Minor.

t=(54,3,56,65,11,32,54,19,1,10)

mj=mn=0

for i in t:

    if i>=18:

        mj=mj+1

    else:

        mn=mn+1

print(“No. of majors=”,mj)

print(“No. of minors=”,mn)

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17) Write a program to input key for a dictionary of cricketer’s name. Check whether that key exist in the dictionary or not. If the key exist in the dictionary then give user a choice of deleting or updating that element.

cricker={1: “Sachin”, 2: “Dhoni”, 3:”Virat”, 4: “Rohit”, 5: “Rahane”}

c=int(input(“Enter a key: “))

if c in cricker:

    print(“Press 1 for Deleting the element”)

    print(“Press 2 for Updating the element”)

    ch=int(input(“Enter your choice…: “))

    if ch==1:

        print(“Deleted value is: “, cricker[c])

        del cricker[c]

    else:

        print(“Old Name:”, cricker[c])

        nm=input(“Enter new Cricketer’s Name:”)

        cricker[c]=nm

    print(“Final Dictionary Values are…”)

    for c in cricker:

        print(c, cricker[c])

else:

    print(“Key does not exist”)

18) Write a Program to input the value of x and calculate the result of the following equation

e^x+cosx⁰+root(x)

from math import *

x=int(input(“enter x”))

a=exp(x)

b=cos(x*(3.14/180))

c=sqrt(x)

r=a+b+c

print(r)

19) Write a program using user defined function with default argument. Calculate and print percentage of three subject marks. Use 300 as default value for maximum marks.

Code

def per(a,b,c,mm=300):

    p=(a+b+c)*100/mm

    print(“Percentage=”,p)

per(85,74,96)

per(45,35,42,150)

20) Create area module in python and import in our program.

Code

area.py(creating module) 

def tarea(b,h):

    ar=(b*h)/2

    print(“Area of triangle=”,ar)

def carea(r):

    ar=3.14*r*r

    print(“Area of circle=”,ar)

calling module

from area import *

tarea(10,20)

carea(5)

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Scope Of Python Variable

The scopes of a variable are the rules that determine in which part(s) of the program that variable is identified and can be accessed. There are two kinds of scope of variable in Python: Global Scope and Local Scope. Which variables are global and local? How? When? Where? Why? can global and local variable be created and used, is all part of the discussion in this chapter. While reading this chapter you will learn about LEGB rule, followed by computer to search a variable used in the program. At the end this chapter explains the process of creating our own modules of functions and module functions: dir() and reload().

Types of scope in python

The scopes of a variable in programming language are the rules that determine in which part(s) of the program that variable is identified and can be accessed. There are two kinds of scope of variable in Python:

1. Global Scope 
2. Local Scope

1) Global Scope or global variable python

A variable declared in top most level segment (_main_) of the program is said to have global scope. In other words any variable which is created and initialized in main program and not i any function or other block is having global scope. Any variable which is created with global scope is accessible within the whole program including all the functions and blocks of the program.

2) Local Scope or local variable python

A variable created and initialized within a function body is said to have local scope i.e. the variable created inside the function can be used or accessed only within that function. The local variables are not known outside the function in which they are created. The following program demonstrate the concept of local and global scope.

python local and global variable examples

Consider another example of Python program that explain how global variable are accessible in the whole program and error generated when local variables are used outside the function.

python modules create and import in python

Python user defined functions with examples(2024)

Write a program to input three numbers. Calculate and print average numbers using user define function.

def avrg():

           avg=(a+b+c)/3

          print(“Average”, avg)

#main program

a=int(input(“Enter First number :”))

b=int(input(“Enter Second number :”))

c=int(input(“Enter Third number :”))

avrg()

print(“Average=”, avg)#error

Local and Global variable with same name

If in a function we create a variable by assigning it a values, using the name which is already present in global environment then Python creates a new variable in its local scope and does not uses its higher scope variable. Following program demonstrate this concept of hiding global variable when local variable is created with same name.

def func1():

               k=10

               print(“K=”,k)#10

#main program

k=25—-Global

print(“K=”,k)#25

func1()

print(“K=”, k)#25

global variable in python example

def test():

k=15

print(“Values in Function…”)

print(“K=”,k)#15

print(“M=”,m)#10

#main program

k=25

m=10

print(“Values in main before calling Function…”)

print(“K=”k)#25

print(“M=”,m)#10

test()

print(“Values in main after calling Function…”)

print(“K=”k)#25

print(“M=”,m)#10

Difference between python local and global variable

Python local variable

• The variable created or declared inside the function is called local variable.
• local variable can not be used outside the function.
• The scope of local variable is only within the function.
• If we declare variable like a=10 than we can use this value inside the function if we print the value of a outside the function then we will get the error ( a is not defined)
• If we declare local and global variable with same name then function always takes priority to local variable.

Python global variable

• The variable created or declared outside the function is called global variable.
• Global variable can be used inside or outside the function.
• The scope of global variable is within the function and also outside the function.
• If we declare variable like a=10 than we can print this value inside the function as well as  of a outside the function.
• If we declare local and global variable with same name then global scope always takes priority to global variable.

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Introduction

Every program that we create Python is treated as a module. It logically organizes Python functions in a single program file Grouping related code into a module makes the code easier to understand and use. In oth words a module can be defined as – “A module is a group of functions, classes and variable saved as a python program file (.py)”.

In the Python programming that we have learnt so far we have used two readymade Python modules (Math and Random) and the function defines in them. Now, in this blog we will learn to create your own python module or custom python module which we can import in our any program later when neede User defined modules can be A module can be defined as a file consisting of Python code created in the following three steps-

1. Creating Module
2. Importing Module
3. Calling Module Object

1) Creating python modules

As defined earlier a module is just a Python’s program file consisting of functions, so, to create a new module open a new Python program file and define function(s) in it. Python module generally does not have global environment i.e. it does not need any main program. It can have only function definitions and no calling of function. But a module can have more than one function,

For example, type the following functions in a python program file and save it in the default Python directory by the name ‘mymod.py’. This program file will become a Python module created with the name ‘mymod’ having two function namely tarea() and carea().

def tarea(b, h):

ar=(b*h)/2

print(“Area of Triangle: “, ar)

def carea(r):

ar=3.14*r*r

print(“Area of Circle:”, ar)

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2) Importing Module

Once a module is created and saved it can be used in any program, any number time because it has become a permanent record. We can use our Python module by executing an import statement in some other Python source file. The ‘import’ has the following syntax:

Syntax

import module 1, module2,…

Example

import mymod

Python has few other ways to import a module in a program and use its function there. The first is Python’s ‘from…import’ statement. It lets us import specific function from a module into the current program file. The functions imported in this way can be called directly by their name without module name.

Syntax

from module_name import fname 1, fname2,…

Example

from mymod import tarea

tarea(4,3)

Python user defined functions with examples(2024)

3) Calling Module Objects

User defined module helps re-usability of codes defined in it as functions. So, once the module is created and functions defined we can call functions as follows-

Syntax

<module name>.<funct_name>(<list of values>)

mymod.tarea(5, 11)

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Python Module Example

Create a python module mymod.py which contain two functions namelu tarea and carea after that call this module from the other program

mymod.py

def tarea(b,h):
             ar=(b*h)/2
            print(“Area of triangle=”,ar)
def carea(r):
              ar=3.14*r*r
             print(“Area of circle=”,ar)

test.py

Note- In this file we will import our own create python module

from area import *
tarea(5,10)
carea(5)

Output

Area of triangle= 25.0

Area of circle= 78.5

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A function is a sub program that acts on data and may or may not return a value. When same code is required to execute number of times, we can write a function for it and then call this function as many times as needed. Here you will learn Python user defined functions with examples-

Using user defined function is a two steps process-

1) Defining a Function

2)Invoking a Function or calling a function

1) Defining a Function

To defining a function we use def keyword to define a function.

Syntax-

 def function name(<argument>):

                                <body of function>

2)Invoking a Function or calling a function

Once the function is defined we can call this function by the following statement. In this article we will see in details

Syntax

function();

fucntion(values);

Example- Write a program to find area of circle using user defined function .

How to define a function in Python

def tarea(b,h):                            #defining a function
         area=(b*h)/2
         print(“Area of triangle=”,area)
#main
b1=int(input(“enter base”))
h1=int(input(“enter base”))
tarea(b1,h1)    #function calling or invoking

Output

enter base 4
enter base 5
Area of triangle= 10.0

Python library function examples

types of user-defined functions in python

There are the following list of user defined functions in python

1) Python function with argument and return value

2) Python function with argument and without return value

3) Python function without argument and without  return value

4) Python function without argument and return value

1) Python function with argument and return value

This types of function takes values from the calling program and return value to the calling program.

Example

def sum(a,b):
        c=a+b
        return c
#main
a1=int(input(“enter the value of a”))
b1=int(input(“enter the value of b”))
print(“Sum of a and b=”,sum(a1,b1))

Output
enter the value of a 5
enter the value of b 4
Sum of a and b= 9

2) Python function with argument and without return value

This types of function takes values from the calling program and does not return value to the calling program.

Example

def sum(a,b):
      c=a+b
       print(“Sum of a and b=”,c)
#main
a1=int(input(“enter the value of a”))
b1=int(input(“enter the value of b”))
sum(a1,b1)

Output

enter the value of a 5
enter the value of b 6
Sum of a and b= 11

3) Python function without argument and without  return value

This types of function does not takes values from the calling program and also does not return value to the calling program.

Example

def sum():
       a=int(input(“enter the value of a”))
      b=int(input(“enter the value of b”))
      c=a+b
       print(“Sum of a and b=”,c)
#main
sum()

Output
enter the value of a 9
enter the value of b 3
Sum of a and b= 1

4) Python function without argument and return value

This types of function does not takes values from the calling program but return value to the calling program.

Example

def sum():
       a=int(input(“enter the value of a”))
      b=int(input(“enter the value of b”))
      c=a+b
      return c
#main
print(“Sum of a and b=”,sum())

Output
enter the value of a 65
enter the value of b 43
Sum of a and b= 108

Python Named Arguments function

To have full control and flexibility over the order of values sent to the arguments Python provided another type of arguments called Keyword or Named arguments. In other words Keyword argument offer a way of writing function calls where we can write any value in any order provided we name the argument. Since in function call we write values along with argument name, we can write values in order. For example following are the valid of calling statements of function sum()

sum(y=8, x=6, z=2)

In the above written function call value 6 is going to x, value 8 is going to y and z will take value 2. This transfer values is irrespective of order of argument in function header.

sum(z=3, y=4, x=9)

In the above written function call value 9 is going to x, value 4 is going to y and z will take value 3. This transfer values is irrespective of order of argument in function header.

def test(a, b, c):

                p=(a+b)/c

                return p

#main

r=test(a=5, b=9, c=7)

print(“Result: “, r)

r=test(c=4, a=11, b=9)

print(“Result:”,r)

Python Default Arguments Functions

arguments which have some value in function header called Default arguments. While fnction call we can skip the value of default argument. For example-

def sum(x, y, z=4)

the above example of function header argument ‘z’ is having a value 4 assigned to it, so,argument ‘z’ is default argument. Now, while calling this function we can give values for only argument x and y; z will take 4 as its value.

We can even give values for all the three arguments also. In that case argument ‘z’ will take value provided by the user and ignore its default value. So we can say that in while calling function with default argument, the calling statement can have number of values less than or equals to the number of arguments in the function header. But, order of values has to be the same. For emple following are the valid example of calling statements of function sum()

sum(5,9,7)

In the above calling statement function argument x will take value 5, y will take value 9 and value 7 will be stored in z (‘z’ will ignore its default value 4).

sum(8, 2)

In the above calling statement function argument x will take value 8, y will take value 9 and z will

have its default value (4) as we have not exclusively provided value for z in calling statement.

Any argument, in a function header, cannot have default value unless all arguments on its right side have their default values. In other words only those arguments can have default values which are present in the right side of argument list. For example following is the list of some valid and invalid function header with default argument~

Valid Examples

sum(x, y, z=4)

sum(x,y=5, z=4)

sum(x=8, y=5, 2=4)

sum(x=3, y, z) sum(x,y=5, z) sum(x=8, y=5, z)

Invalid Examples

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Write a program using user defined function with default argument. Calculate and print percentage of three subject marks. Use 300 as default value for maximum marks.

def percent(a, b, c, mm=300):

                total=a+b+c

                p=total*100/mm

                return p

#main

print(“Percentage=”,percent(75,85,50)

print(“Percentage=”,percent(45,35,40,150)

python recursion functions

A Function calls it self again and again then it is called Recursion.

Example- python recursion factorial program 

def factorial(x):
          if x==1:
                 return 1
          else:
                 return x*factorial(x-1)
#main program
num=int(input(“Enter a number:”))
fact=factorial(num)
print(“Factorial of number = “,fact)

Output

Enter a number:5
Factorial of number = 120

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A Python module is a program file(.py) containing Variables, Class definition, Statements and Junctions related to a particular task. Every program that we write in Python is also called module. In addition to it, Python comes loaded with some pre-defined modules called Standard Library Modules. Each of these modules contains some built in functions called Library Functions.Here You will learn Python library function examples.

Python library function list

• abs()
• sqrt()
• exp()
• ceil()
• floor()
• log()
• pow()
• sin()
• cos()
• tan()
• random()
• randint()
• ord()
• chr()
• str()
• isalpha()
• islower()
• isdigit()
• isupper()
• capitalize()
• find()
• Istrip()
• rstrip()
• pattern()

Python import module example

In order to use functions defined inside a module we need to bring that module inside our program. This is called importing module. Python provides “import” statement to import module in a program. It can be done in three ways”

• Import entire module
• Import selected objects from a module
• Importing all objects of module

To import entire module

Importing entire module means all functions defined inside module will be accessible in the program. To import an entire module we use ‘import’ command in the following format:

Syntax

import <module1>, <module2>,

import math, random

when we import entire module in our program we can use functions defined inside the module using module name only. The general format of calling a function will be, name>()

Syntax

<module name>.<function

Example

math.sqrt(25)

To import selected object of module

Rather than importing an entire module, we can import only a selected list of functions also. To

do so we use from-import command in the following format

Syntax

from <module_name> import <object_list>

from math import sqrt, pi, pow

Example Now since we have imported selected objects from the module we don’t need to use module name with object name.

Valid Example

print(pi)

print(sqrt(25))

Invalid Example:

print(math.pi)

print(math.sqrt(25))-

To import all object of module

We can use ‘from-import’ command to import all object from a module. It is very much like importing entire module but with a difference that here we don’t have to use module name with function name.

Syntax

from <module_name>import *

Example

from math import*

Now since we have imported all objects from the module we don’t need to prefix module name with object name.

Valid Example

print(pi)

print(sqrt(25))

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Python Math module function

Python’s standard library provides a module namely “math” for math related functions that work with all numeric values except for complex number. In order to work with functions of “math” module, we need to first import it to our program. There are the following math library functions. The math python math function list is given below

1) abs()

This function is used to calculate absolute value of the number given. In other words, it converts negative numbers into positive. It can take both integer and floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

math.abs(<any number>)

print(math.abs(-12.8))

2) sqrt()

This function is used to calculate square root of the number given. It takes non-negative integer and floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

math.sqrt(<any number>)

Example

print(math.sqrt(25))

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3) exp()

This function is used to calculate exponent value (e) of the number given. It takes both integer

and floating pointing number as argument. (e=2.718281)

Syntax

math.exp(<any number>)

Example

print(math.exp(3))

20.08554

4) ceil()

This function is used to round off the given number to the higher integer. It takes both negative and positive floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

Example

math.ceil(<any number>)

print(math.ceil(3.2))

4

print(math.ceil(3.9))

4

print(math.ceil(-3.2))

-3

5) floor()

This function is used to round off the given number to the lower integer. It takes both negative and positive floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

math.floor(<any number>)

Example

print(math.floor(3.2))

3

print(math.floor(3.9))

3

print(math.floor(-3.2))

Dictionary operations in python with examples

6) log()

This function is used to calculate natural logarithm of the given number. It takes both integer and floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

math.log(<any number>)

Example

print(math.log(2.34))

0.85015092936961

7) log10()

This function is used to calculate logarithm to the base of 10, of the given number. It takes both Integer and floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

math.log10(<any number>)

Example

print(math.log10(2.34))

0.3692158574101428

8) pow()

This function is used to calculate one number(x) raised to the power of another (y) number (X”). It takes both integer and floating pointing number as argument.

Syntax

math.pow(<base>, <power>)

Example

print(math.pow(3,6))

9) sin()

This is trigonometric function and used to calculate sine of the given angle. The angle must be specified in radians. To convert and angle from degree to radian we multiple that angle by “3.14/180”.

Syntax

math.sin(<any angle in radians>)

Example

print(math.sin(45 (3.14/180)))

0.7068251811053661

10) cos()

This is trigonometric function and used to calculate cosine of the given angle. The angle must be specified in radians. To convert and angle from degree to radian we multiple that angle by “3.14/180”

Syntax

Example

math.cos(<any angle in radians>)

print(math.cos(60″ (3.14/180)))

0.5004596890082056

11) tan()

This is trigonometric function and used to calculate tangent of the given angle. The angle must be specified in radians. To convert and angle from degree to radians we multiple that angle by “3.14/180”

Syntax

math.tan(<any angle in radians>)

print(math.tan(45″ (3.14/180)))) 0.9992039901050429

Example

12) degrees()

This function is used to convert angle from radians to degree.

Syntax

math.degrees(<any angle in radians>)

Example

print(math.degrees(1.0472))

13) radians()

This function is used to convert angle from degrees to radians.

Syntax

math.radians(<any angle in degrees

Example

print(math.radians(60))

1.04719

14) trunc()

This function is used to truncate the given floating point number. Truncation means this function will remove the fractional part from the given floating point number and print only the integer part.

math.trunc(<any floating point number>)

print(math.trunc(6,97))

Python math function example

Write a Program to input the value of x and calculate the result of the following equation

e^x+cosx⁰+root(x)

import math

x=float(input(“Enter the value for x: “))

a=math.exp(x)

b=math.cos(x*(3.14/180))

c=math.sqrt(x)

d=a+b+c

print(“Result = “, d)

Write a program to print three sides of a triangle. Calculate and print its area using Heron’s Formula.

import math

x=float(input(“Enter side 1: “))

y=float(input(“Enter side 2: “))

z=float(input(“Enter side 3:”))

s=(x+y+2)/2

area=math.sqrt(s*(s-x)*(s-b)*(s-z))

print(“Result=”, area)

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• Dictionary functions in python with examples
• Dictionary functions and method()
• What are the functions of dictionary in python
• Dictionary methods
• Dictionary functions in python class 11
• Built in dictionary function in python
• dictionary function complete with examples

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Dictionary Functions and Method()

Here we will learn what are the built in function available in python. These are given below-

1)len()-

The function is used to calculate length of the dictionary in terms of number of elements.

Syntax

len(<dictionary name>)

Example

cricket-(1:”Sachin”, 2: “Dhoni”, 3: “Virat”, 4: “Rohit”, 5″Rahane”)

print(len(cricket))

This example will print number of elements in the Dictionary ‘cricket’ as its length. The result it will print will be 5.

2) clear()

This function is used to remove all the elements from the dictionary. It is a dictionary function so it has to be called by dictionary name.

Syntax

<dictionary name>.clear()

Example

cricket.clear()

This example will delete all the elements from the dictionary ‘cricket’.

What is a dictionary in Python?

3) get()

This function is used to obtain the value of the given key. This function takes two arguments, first of which is the key whose value is to be obtained and second is a message given as string. If the key specified in the function as argument does not exist in the dictionary it will display given message.

Syntax

<dictionary name>.get(<key>, <message>)

Example

cricket.get (6, “Key does not exist!!”)

This example will search the key 6 in the dictionary and print its corresponding value if key exist in the dictionary. In case of key 6 does not exist in the dictionary it will display message “Key does not exist!!” on screen.

4) has_key()

This function is used to check whether the given key exists in the Dictionary or not. It is a Boolean function so it returns True or False. If dictionary has the key specified in the function it returns True otherwise False.

Syntax

<dictionary name>.has_key(<key>)

This example will search the key 6 in the dictionary and if found it will print True or else False.

Dictionary operations in python with examples

5) items ()

This function is used to obtain all the items (key, value in the Dictionary as a sequence of Each key,value pair will become a tuple and this function will create a List of all tuples;

Syntax

<dictionary name>.items()

 Example

cricket.items()

This example will print all the items of the dictionary ‘cricket’ as follows: dict_items([(1, ‘Sachin’), (2, ‘Dhoni’), (3, ‘Virat’), (4, ‘Rohit’), (5, ‘Rahane’)])

6) keys()

This function is used to obtain all the keys from the ‘key: value’ pair in the Dictionary. T function returns only keys and in the form of List.

Syntax

<dictionary name>.keys()

Example

cricket.keys()

This example will print all the keys of the dictionary ‘cricket’ as follows;

dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

7) values()

This function is used to obtain all the values from the ‘key: value’ pair in the Dictionary. The function returns only values and in the form of List.

Syntax

<dictionary name>.values()

Example

cricket.values()

This example will print all the values of the dictionary ‘cricket’ as follows:

dict_values([‘Sachin’, ‘Dhoni’, ‘Virat’, ‘Rohit’, ‘Rahane’])

 8) update()

This function is used to update a dictionary by adding elements from another dictionary. Addi or replaces key; value pairs from the new dictionary into the original.

Syntax

<new dictionary>.update(<original dictionary>)

Example

players.update(cricket)

This example will add elements of ‘players’ dictionary into ‘cricket’ dictionary.

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1) Adding elements to Dictionary

We can add elements to an existing dictionary using assignment method. The key being added must not exist in dictionary. The following syntax is used to add element~

Syntax

<dictionary name>[<key>]=<value>

cricket (1: “Dhoni”, 2:”Virat”}

Example

cricket[3]=”Sachin”

print(cricket)

The example will first create a dictionary by the name ‘cricket’ with two element assigned to it. Next, it will add a new element to the dictionary. The key of the newly added element will be 3 and value will be “Sachin”. Finally it will print the whole dictionary which will appear on screen as {1:”Dhoni”, 2: “Virat”, 3: “Sachin”

2) Creating Dictionary using keys and values separately 

This is another method of creating a new dictionary. In this method, the keys and values are enclosed separately in parentheses and are given as argument to the zip() function of Python, The zip() function is then given as argument of dict().

<dictionary name>= dict(zip((<list of keys>), (<list of values>)))

cricket=dict(zip((1,2,3), (“Sachin”, “Lara”, “Ponting”)))

print(cricket)

The above example will create a new dictionary by the name ‘cricket’. The zip() function creates ‘key:value” pair by taking data from the two given tuples on one-to-one basis. Finally it will print the whole dictionary as follows{1: “Sachin”, 2: “Lara”, 3: “Ponting”}

3) Creating Dictionary using key: value pair as List

This is yet another method of creating a new dictionary. In this method, a List of two element Lists is passed as argument to the dict() function. Each inner List represents one key: value pair,

<dictionary name>= dict([[<key value pair>], [<key value pair>],……])

cricket=dict([[1, “Sachin”], [2, “Lara”], [3, “Pointing”]])

print(cricket)  

This example is first creating a new dictionary using a Python’s List of Lists. The inner lists are representing key:value pair for dictionary and outer list is as argument to dict() function. At the end it is printing the newly created Dictionary.

Write a program to create a dictionary with the cricketer’s name as value and index number as key. Number of element must be user dependent. Also print the elements.

c=1

ch=”y”

cricket={}

while ch==”y”:

nm=input(“Enter Cricketer’s Name:”)

cricket[c]=nm

c=c+1

ch=input(“Any more data(y/n):”)

for c in cricket:

                print(c,cricket[c])

4) Updating Dictionary element

Updating an element is similar to adding new element in the Dictionary except that in updating the key used must exist in the dictionary otherwise a new element will be added to the dictionary. The general format of updating dictionary element is;

Syntax

Example

<dictionary name>[<key>] = <value>

cricket[4]=”Hardik”

5) Deleting Dictionary element

There are two ways to delete an element from Dictionary. One using del statement and the other using pop() method.

Syntax-1

del <dictionary name>[<key>]

del cricket[2]

Example

This example will delete that entry from the dictionary whose key is 2. If the key given with del() function does not exist in the dictionary Python will display an error message.

Syntax-2

<dictionary name>.pop(<key>)

Example

cricket.pop(2)

This example will delete that entry from the dictionary whose key is 2. After deleting the entry it will return the value deleted from the dictionary. If the key given with pop() function does not exist in the dictionary Python will display an error message.

6) Checking existing of key

The membership operator ‘in’ and ‘not in’ can be used with the Dictionary also. These opertor be used to check for existence of ‘keys’ in the dictionary. They check existing of key only not for ‘values’

Syntax

<key> in <Dictionary name>

<key> not in <Dictionary name>

Example

if rno in student:

print(student[rno])

else:

print(“Record does not exist”)

Write a program to input key for a dictionary of cricketer’s name. Check whether that key exist in the dictionary or not. If the key exist in the dictionary then give user a choice of deleting or updating that element.

cricker={1: “Sachin”, 2: “Dhoni”, 3:”Virat”, 4: “Rohit”, 5: “Rahane”}

c=int(input(“Enter a key: “))

if c in cricket:

         print(“Press 1 for Deleting the element”)

         print(“Press 2 for Updating the element”)

        ch=int(input(“Enter your choice…: “))

          if ch==1:

                 print(“Deleted value is: “, cricket[c])

                 del cricket[c]

            else:

                    print(“Old Name:”, cricket[c])

                    nm=input(“Enter new Cricketer’s Name:”)

                    cricket[c]=nm

       print(“Final Dictionary Values are…”)

       for c in cricket:

                     print(c, cricket[c])

else:

         print(“Key does not exist”)

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Nested Dictionary python

We can add Dictionaries as values inside a Dictionary. Storing Dictionary inside Dictionary is called Nested Dictionary. Internal Dictionary can be used only as value inside External Dictionary and not as key.

Syntax

<dictionary name>= {<key>: {<key>: <value>,..)….}

Example

student={1: {‘name’:”Gagan”, ‘mark’:76}, 2: {‘name’: “Palak”, ‘mark’:82), 3: {‘name’:”Reena”, ‘mark’:69}}

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Introduction

The DICTIONARY is one of the sequence data type supported by Python. It can be defined as a collection of values of any data type. Unlike List, Tuple and String which have an index number associated with each element, Dictionary have a ‘key: value’ pair. ‘key’ and ‘value’ are separated by colon(:) and pairs are separated by comma.

Here value represents the data item and the key is the unique Id of the value. Like in List we nee to remember the index to access an element, in Dictionary we need to remember the key t access its value. In Dictionary keys are immutable type but the values are mutable type i.e. w can change values of Dictionary in place. A Dictionary is always depicted in curly brackets. Th following are some examples of Dictionary in Python:

{}                                                                                              #Empty Dictionary

{1:’aaa’, 2:’bbb’, 3:’ ccc’}                                                 #Dictionary of names

{‘math: ‘Mr. Puri, ‘science”:”Ms. Patil’}                   #Dictionary of Teachers

How do you declare a dictionary

In Python, the sequence data type Dictionary can be created in two ways”

1. Creating Dictionary using Assignment method

To create a Dictionary we write the key: value pairs in curly brackets as per following syntax. The keys in the dictionary must be immutable type such as string, number or Tuple with mutable type values.

Syntax

<dictionary name>= {<key>:<value>, <key>:<value>,…}

players = {1: “Sachin”, 2: “Lara”, 3: “ponting”}

print() statement can be used to print the whole Dictionary, as:

Syntax

print(<dictionary name>)

Example

print(players)

What is tuple in Python with example

dictionary in Python with examples?

Write a program to create a Dictionary of monthly sale of 5 salesmen. Use their name as ‘key’ and monthly sales as ‘value’. Also print the dictionary. Sales are; 41000, 39000, 44000, 21500, 32750; and names are- ‘Mohak’, ‘Manan’, ‘Ansh’, ‘Jay’ and ‘Hement’.

msales={‘Manan’:39000, ‘Ansh’:44000,’Jay’:21500, ‘Hement’: 32750}

print(“Monthly Sales Report: \n”, msales)

Creating Dictionary dynamically via keyboard

2. Using input() statement-

Using input() statement we can feed data for key and value using keyboard to create a Dictionary dynamically. Two input() statements will take input from the user as a key and value of Python Dictionary. Finally a dictionary entry can be created using given below syntax.

<key variable>= input(“<any message>”)

<value variable>=input(“<any message>”)

<dictionary name>[<key variable>]=<value variable>

Write a program to input temperature in 3 cities and create a dictionary using them. Take city name as key and temperature as value.

weather = {}

for a in range(3):

ct=input(“Enter City name:”)

tmp=input(“Enter Temperature:

weather[ct]=tmp

print(“InDictionary is, weather)

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How do you access a dictionary in Python?

Python Dictionary is a mutable sequence data type in which elements can be edited in its place Python allow us to access list in both the ways: Whole dictionary at once and Individual element one by one.

 Accessing whole Dictionary

Python Dictionary is a collection of values stored as a ‘key:value’ pair. All elements i.e. keys and es both of dictionary can be displayed on screen by using dictionary name with print() tement

Syntax-1

print(<dictionary name>)

Example

marks (1:38, 2:41, 3:29)

print(marks)

Output

{1:38, 2:41, 3:29}

Explanation

In above example we have created a dictionary of three subject marks with roll number as key and marks as value. When we print the dictionary name, all the elements get printed on screen.

print(“<dictionary name>”)

Syntax-2

Example

Mrktup={(1:38, 2:41, 3:29}

print(*mrktup)

In the above example we have created a dictionary of three subject marks with roll number as key and marks as value. When we print the dictionary name with asterisk sign (*), only the keys get printed on screen without values, bracket and comma.

2. Accessing individual element or python access dictionary by key

Once a Dictionary is created and elements are stored in it, individual element can be accesses by ting dictionary name followed by key of that element in square bracket in the following mat:

Syntax

<dictionary name>[<key of element>]

Example

marks[1]

Write a program to create a dictionary of marks of five students. Print the whole dictionary, only its keys and marks of the student whose key is entered by the user.

marks={1:39, 2:46, 3:30, 4:37, 5:42}

print(“\nDictionary is = “, marks)

print(“keys of the dictionary is “*marks)

print(“Marks of Roll Number 4”,marks[4])

k=int(input(“\nEnter the roll number of the marks to be displayed: “))

print(“Marks of the”,k,”Roll Numberk is”=marks[k])

Accessing and processing each and every element of the Dictionary is called Traversing the Dictionary For traversal of the Dictionary, rather than accessing values using key, we use for loop to access key from the Dictionary and then print its value.

Syntax

for <variable> in <dictionary name>:

                   body of loop

Example

for a in marks:

print(marks[a])

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Program 61 Write a program to create a dictionary of age of 5 persons. Use Name as key and Age as value. While traversing the dictionary print all its elements and count how many of them are Major and Minor.

mj=mn=0

age ={“Anil” :15, “Sunil”: 28, “Vanil”:12, “Romil”:40,”manzil”:61)

print(“Dictionary elements…”)

for a in age:

print(“Age of”, a, “is”, age[a])

if (age[a]>=18):

             mj=mj+1

else:

            mn=mn+1

print(“\n\nNo. of Major=”, mj)

print(“No. of Minor=”, mn)

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Hello Guys welcome to our new blog if you searching about tuple operations in python then you are on right place.

What are tuple operations in python?

1. Also known as joining the Tuples,combining the Tuples is simply adding two or more Tuples to create a new. The concatenation operator  ‘+’ is used to join two Tuples.

2. The ‘+’ operator requires that both the operands must be of Tuple types. Thus we cannot add  number or string to a Tuple. We can create a new Tuple. We can create a new Tuple by adding two or more Tuples.
3. Syntax: <tuple1>+<tuple2>

Example : print(ageB+ageA)

Example will join Tuple ‘ageA’ and ‘ageB’. The resultant Tuple will be displayed on screen.

Example-2: ageC=ageA+ageB

This example will join Tuple ‘ageA’ and ‘ageB’. The resultant Tuple will stored by the new name ‘ageC’.

Q) Write a program to create two tuples areaA and areaB with the names of 5-5 salesman. Add both the Tuples into one and finally print the combined Tuple.

areaA=(‘Raj’,’Harsh’,’Anu’,’Abhinav’,’Abhiraj’)

areaB=(‘Shubh’,’vinay’,’yogya’,’Anushul’,’Abhinash’)

zone=areaA+areaB

print(“\nFirst Tuple:”,areaA)

print(“\nSecond Tuple:”,areaB)

print(“\nFinal Tuple:” zone)

tuple operations in python Replicating the Tuple:

1.  The arithmetic operator of MULTIPLICATION ‘*’ is used to replicate the Tuples up to specified number of times.
2. The ‘*’ operator requires that one operand must be of Tuple types and the other mus be an integer. We can create a new Tuple by replicating a Tuple up to a specified number of times.

Syntax :<tuple name>*<integer>

Example : print(marks*3)

The above statement will print a new tuple by replicating elements

of Tuple ‘marks’ three times.

What is tuple in Python with example

what is slicing in python with example

Slicing the Tuple

Slicing the Tuple is the process of extracting some part of the Tuple out of it. In other words, it is the process of creating sub-list from a main Tuple . We use indexes of the Tuple elements to create a slice

syntax

<tuple name>[start: stop: step]

Here <Tuple name> is name of the Tuple to be sliced. <start> represent the index from where extraction is to begin. The default of <start> is 0(zero). <stop> is the index numbers up to which extraction will take place. Actually extraction takes place up to <stop>-1 i.e. element at position <stop> index is not included in slice. The default of <stop> is the end of Tuple. <step> is used when all the numbers between <start> and <stop> are not to be sliced. <step> represent the number by

num=(11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99)

print(num[1:7:2])#[22,44,66]

Unpacking tuples in python example

Unpacking the tuple is the process of breaking the tuple as sequence and spliting its elements individually. Each element is than separate variable specified.

In the process of unpacking the tuple number of variable must be same as number of element in tuple and separated by comma.

Syntax–

<list of variable>=<tuple name>

t=(1,shubh,99)

x,y,z=t

print(x)#1

print(z)#99

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Tuple is one of the immutable sequence data type supported by Python to handle large volume of data. Tuple is a collection of data items of any type,separated by comma, written within parenthesis. Python provides several functions and methods to access and process the elements of Tuple. This chapter discusses the concepts, functions and methods of Python Tuple.

Introduction: The Tuple is one of the sequence data type Supported by Python. it can be defined as a collection of values of any data type.

Unlike List, Tuple is an immutable data type of Python i.e we cannot change elements of Tuple in place. A Tuple is always depicted in parentheses () or curved brackets. The following are some examples of tuple.

TUPLE in Python

()                                                                               #EmptyTuple

(1,2,3,4,5)                                                               #TUPLE OF Integers

(1.2,2.3,3.4)                                                            #Tuple of floating point

(‘x’,’y’,’z’)                                                                  # Tuple of Characters

(“Delhi”,”mumbai”,”chennai”,”Kolkata”)        #Tuple of Strings

(1, “Rajesh”,12.5,2,”kiran”,45.7)                          # Tuple of Mixed val

How to creating  Tuple in python

In Python, the sequence data type Tuple can be created in three ways. 

1. By Assigning Values
2. Through other sequence
3. Dynamically via Keyboard

Here you will also learn python tuple example 

1) Creating Tuple by assigning values:

To create Tuple by asssignment method, put a number of data values in parentheses and assig it to a variable. The data values in parentheses must be separated by commas and the variable to which it is assigned becomes a Python Tuple.

Syntax  : <tuple name>=(<comma separated number of values>)

Example-1 : num=(23,65,42,82,27,19)

This example will create a Python Tuple by the name ‘num’ with few integers.

Example-2   : tup1=(3)

The above example will create a Tuple with single element. As we can see to create Tuple with single element we add a comma after the single element otherwise Python will store the single

element as simple data into a variable. This mean the following example will not create a Tuple.

   tup=(3)

 print() statement can be used to print the whole Tuple of values, as:

Syntax : print(<tuple name>)

  Example:  print(num)

Q) Write a program to create a Tuple of monthly sale of 5 salesmen. Also print the Tupple. Sales are- 41000,39000,44000,21500,32750.

   msales=(41000,39000,44000,21500,32750)

   print(msales)

2) Creating Tuples from Existing Sequence:

we can create a new Tuple from any exising sequence data type by using a built-in function tuple() in   the following general format. Sequence data type could be String . List or even another Tuple. The tuple() functions usses individual elements of given sequence data to create a new tuple.

 Syntax : <tuple name>=tuple(<sequence>)

Example-1 : tup1=tuple(“PYTHON”)

                print(tup1)

This example is taking a string as sequence type data and creating a tuple using its characters as elements of tuple. Finally, it will print the newly created tuple as

[‘P’,’Y’,’T’,’H’,’O’,’N’]

 Example-2 : tup2=tuple([‘a’,’e’,’i’,’o’,’u’]

                         print(tup2)

This example is taking a Python List as sequence type data and creating a tuple using its element are element of tuple. Finally, it will print newly

created tuple as   (‘a’,’e’,’i’,’o’,’u’)




Q) write a program to create a Tuple using a List containing name of 5 persons. Also print the tuple on screen.

 p=[‘Aditi’,’Bhawna’,’Shivangi’,’Dipika’,’Ekta’]

                nam=tuple(p)

                print(num)

3) Creating Tuple dynamically via keyboard:

Using input() statement within eval() function we can create a Tuple dynamically. The input() statement will take input from the user as a list of values separated by comma and eval() function will separate values as element of Python Tuple. Finally tuple() function will convert these values in a Tuple and store them in the variable provided.In this case user has to input values separating with comma.

Syntax  :  <variable>=eval(input(“<any message>”))

                <tuple name>=tuple(<variable>)

Example : n=eval(input(“Enter tuple elements:”))

              tup=tuple(n)

Q) Write a program to input temperature in 5 cities and create a tuple using them.

   m=eval(input(“Enter temperature in 5 cities”)

   tmptup=tuple(m)

   print(“\nTuple is=”,tmptup)

 Accessing the Tuple:

Python Tuple ia an immutable sequence data type in which elements cannot be edited in its place. Python allow us to access Tuple in both the ways: Whole Tuple at once and individual element one by one.Accessing whole Tuple: Python Tuple is a collection of values of several data types stored with a single name. All the elements of Tuple can do displayed on screen by using Tuple name with print() statement.

Syntax-1 : print(<tuple name>)

Example : marks=(38,41,29,13,25)

           print(marks)

output : (38,41,29,13,25)

Explanation : In the above example we have created a tuple of five subject marks with the name ‘marks’. When we print the tuple name, all the element gets printed on screen.

Syntax-2  :  print(*<tuple name>)

Example   : mrktup=(38,41,29,13,25)

Output : 38 41 29 13 25

Explanation : In the above example we have created a Tuple of five subject marks with the name ‘mrktup’. When we print the tuple name with asterisk sign(*), only the elements get printed on screen without bracket and comma.

Q) write a program to create a tuple of roll no, name and marks obtained  by three students and print all the elements on screen.

student=(1,’Anchal’,58,2,’Somya’,61,3,’Vishal’,52)

                 print(student)

                 print()

                 print(*student)

Accessing individual element:

 Once a Tuple is created and elements are stored in it, the position of each element in the Tuple is assigned a number. The position of element in the Tuple is called Index and index numbering begins with 0. The diagram below shows the index position of element in a Tuple.To access elements of a Tuple individually we write Tuple name followed by index of that element in square bracket in the following format:

 Syntax  :  <tuple name>[<index of element>]

Example : marks[0]

The above example will display first element of Tuple’marks’.

Q) Write a program to create a Tuple of numbers and print all the numbers separately. Also calculate and print their total. 

tot=0

   ntup=(12,65,42,75,26,78,52,48,50,26)

   print(“Forward printing…”)

   for a in range(10):

                   print(ntup[a],” “,end=”)

                   tot=tot+ntup[a]

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Traversing the tuple:

In Tuple Accessing and processing each and every element of the is known Traversing the Tuple. For traversal of the Tuple rather than accessing elements using index number we use for() loop to access elements elements from the List.

Syntax  : for<variable>in<tuple name>:

                          body of loop

                Example : for a in marks:

                                       print(a)

Q) Write a program to create a Tuple of age of 10 persons. While traversing the Tuple print all its elements and count how many of them are Major and Minor.

   mj=mn=0

   age=(15,28,12,40,61,22,14,50,16,61)

   print(“Tuple elements…”)

   for a in age:

                   print(a,” “,end=”)

                   if(a>=18):

                                   mj=mj+1

                    else:

                                   mn=mn+1

print(“\n\nNo.of Major=”,mj)

print(“No.of Minor=”, mn)

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